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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old# w0 a% \& G* d" c) ~3 F! ^
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical& e7 K/ i/ K; L" {9 A4 Y: g, U! s, L
Exposure to Testosterone
2 K* n8 [4 [) e! j7 L9 y# FSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
m- B+ f% Q0 J u Jand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
0 j: P% {* ^; Q6 V$ uClinical Pediatrics
8 F% R! _- |0 k3 V/ f; eVolume 46 Number 64 k9 u0 \; r5 q3 ]5 I8 @
July 2007 540-543
# D; p4 W2 v* T+ R* g. @) ]© 2007 Sage Publications4 W4 H4 a1 f2 Y3 p3 n) Q' C
10.1177/0009922806296651. |5 c2 O: ~2 R' N' h$ ?$ f4 s
http://clp.sagepub.com U6 E4 y5 `3 @& O4 F4 ^4 K# U R
hosted at. h/ o" p! A/ _" k2 `9 Z7 I' P$ Y
http://online.sagepub.com0 ], }' c' s* a* P8 H
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,1 }% h% _& s% A% i$ B
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
. E9 B- n. n4 ~4 fprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
2 U2 H3 w7 @; j2 b2 i7 mthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
$ W" _& d9 o% T& }a higher incidence of organic central nervous system, p$ r# h; _, T7 P5 P& W
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
& A4 c- D( h$ I* j, X/ O2 `by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic7 A0 U G1 p. I8 M- X
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-- E; c; r7 O! V; _9 d8 q
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
4 D4 j+ M" \/ }) T) L1 Qreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the& S4 b; J$ [% q6 K9 A: M
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
4 Q' J) X" P% Q3 d7 {; B- ~- xment without testicular enlargement, which was due6 R7 c% T/ w3 C) w
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
, u$ t2 w5 s9 p$ w/ dthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-# m4 V% K- T' t& {, j
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this8 E( c2 T4 J6 I( i9 _0 N- M
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of+ O% w3 R) y' Y# y h
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-) ]* \3 l6 n3 H8 Z1 i* U) ^2 r
bly more common than the rare case report in the) ^0 V; G$ ]- K2 C
literature.4$ H& Z9 n9 P3 W6 B% w, h
Patient Report1 |0 \) b. y+ q1 D5 m, X9 h
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
1 ~& d6 L+ d2 d0 f5 i; eendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
* b1 d: m6 s8 e$ c9 ^of early sexual development. His mother noticed8 ]7 p E$ }- {5 W' R+ s
light colored pubic hair development when he was
4 t/ \. ?+ l5 G NFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
! Q- q) A, V8 \# o) kSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.* ]+ K1 T% z3 a' J6 L8 B
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE, n" V* P j; ?9 d* s1 R
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
+ _. `: q/ p6 n, \3 y/ eMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;+ d: a9 O2 g+ O* F1 k
e-mail: [email protected].
0 [6 b* {- C; yabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
" E5 M3 f t9 z1 ?darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-; Z* q0 y* Q2 S; U
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child( {& C6 J% ]- o( ^+ m
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with2 K" e0 j8 u! `# M8 A5 y
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of+ | e4 _# E* [- H
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year4 S# |( Q" v, G9 r
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with. i) s+ T5 x: J6 @; L
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,' B/ w7 `! |" w. L! w" K
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
8 L6 b% d& ]4 O2 m- _- s4 ~was age appropriate./ c$ R7 f3 f" V/ I( L& \9 _8 |
The family history was remarkable for the father,
" H) |9 }" C+ ]2 A( I: A; X. dwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,0 \% ^7 B3 j! J- k; E( V& M
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
# u2 U2 s' ~- C/ Sheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat* @ B+ \/ m" a0 }1 f
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.6 x% E2 ]& R* a5 ]# s9 A
The father denied taking any other medication. The
& Q1 \1 t2 u( Z) fchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche% h! u2 r/ R" r* o$ s
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet$ p# \' Q7 x8 d2 R7 U3 p! h# ]
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-, H: _" ~$ g9 G+ @2 Q) f, R1 m
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-1 |) n g9 U2 E! _" m
tives. There were no siblings.0 ?$ c5 M& ~7 L7 D
Physical Examination
: K* i) H; _5 l& \% t" n) {, KThe physical examination revealed a very active,$ j. z E0 ?6 @' p
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
7 R+ D7 ~( m6 l# E3 A/ f0 }* |a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
) Y7 u) _0 ~ d" s- |6 Q; w- i6 x2 V90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg! E( |- P( T2 ?6 d$ Z7 L o
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth7 E9 Z; n8 j1 e2 p3 r
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
% p( g, H$ z; P( A7 w9 H$ ithe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
# s1 K- T8 _9 J7 _The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
# n% m, a* @8 S- j- i4 denlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
4 O& C! c7 z9 x2 E' `% l" j8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well$ i' G6 {6 P- a& L3 z* X
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around8 w! P) R* H4 L! R* f8 s+ q: F5 o$ R; F
540# m& G1 F0 f, z- {9 w
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
0 z* ?1 b9 Q7 y. r1 lthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
' n& }7 G1 g# s! e& @1 I. gtesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.6 q5 g+ F' c$ ` R8 Y9 H) X/ Y {0 c
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
* \. w/ k1 ]& O0 foily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
) e3 |$ g1 Z$ }* ~. e' Pabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots., O4 f" `& z/ E+ z
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+& m+ E. n6 Z9 P6 N
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion* f5 H. I( K5 s/ O/ ?' ~$ v
of papilledema.
) u& y, ^$ q+ HLaboratory Evaluation* i) A- N! u8 c; `' s3 P
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
' }1 V; j, g4 L: [' \6 Ausing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono- k' I+ A0 @) s/ b9 |3 a5 c" h1 Q/ T
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
& Z) t0 Z3 Y1 w( V" c, c* d' v* Zkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
7 Z& U5 {3 h0 |' S3 k( k& oshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-" G+ X. u( l+ [ s# o
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).2 { p* C0 H& k) _
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
+ b- M* `/ U7 v R" @urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were. W8 a/ O3 c- @/ t' ]
within normal range for his age. The concentration
5 L# r, J' m1 P5 S8 \; r/ qof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
; |1 ^# R; |0 q1 r8 N(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
5 e- J9 w$ {* E. S& q) n5 A J& rng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-" f# e: T8 E, k. i3 j$ ^2 a
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),+ d/ L: b; m5 g( g
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
1 N% B; g( f4 K8 @49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
$ f8 g7 x8 _3 `( F8 ~was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-8 h& {$ |) s( S2 ~- v
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total" b6 b6 k0 d! U' I2 P. r
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
, H0 v: {; z7 ~5 Mand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
7 S m$ e8 n1 C; H) t" }9 z u5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular$ _7 t2 m; l* r$ q6 T
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
. ^# A+ L5 ]) X2 t' aconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL6 n$ s$ H! D8 C$ S- e; z
(prepubertal).
5 T8 Z4 D5 o# sThe parents were notified about the laboratory' g. I' ^9 o( C/ ]
results and were informed that all of the tests were
. a8 R5 {' A: m3 o, ~6 u/ T7 Qnormal except the testosterone level was high. The0 J# {2 [! U. h* p7 ^1 R
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to: b# n, O: W6 C8 F
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
7 W7 W4 U- O; z# n; O& n8 O" Dever, the family did not return for 4 months.
k/ M, ~5 @ C% zPhysical examination at this time revealed that the% A4 S& j- g6 e/ R' b
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
2 o' H7 w ]% F; Q5 I2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
2 U( V0 b3 y, `, aunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-$ j5 |5 P6 |; p3 A K
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at4 m. |" M2 e8 h4 i/ u# Q0 b
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2, U7 M. k* W9 m r- H
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
% X" v( H3 P+ W6 sThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-; L) K, l8 \0 o$ z/ w
ing frequent erections.( P% o, H2 r! z) V. S( J; K
Both parents were again questioned about use of( T) W v. ]9 e& \, A9 E
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
# q) c$ b! K4 X) Pthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
. V5 h! z' T- m' k; L5 H5 iTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
9 \/ @/ D! B. \9 s& h9 Tuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
/ y! v3 x/ a5 ving over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
3 \! X) w# n" |a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
/ w3 v' \) H( s8 ]to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
6 T% z. h& r: }scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
$ Y9 {% M7 P3 Y5 psecondary to depression.7 i& D4 f8 f4 n$ X6 H; N3 ~
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
0 h$ P$ }9 P+ {4 ~* l, Q8 C! mThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
, H O% y+ w5 I/ Q: ^chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
; [. J6 `8 Q, a' m7 e7 bnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.5 ?" d0 u+ u% v9 j0 f
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
' B4 W2 q8 f# W. z! rwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby" {4 A( l" U& d D' o% }6 z1 H
was high, he then read the product information0 y+ q2 P4 k9 ]+ Y& `3 [9 |; K
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
2 b8 D6 X; ]; _ {' I% y- @& hson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
8 N6 O6 s4 Y+ m9 t9 J) Kdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the# c) Y8 t k0 R# V" T- ?2 h/ G5 k' y
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had& c1 s' {/ I' ?- m, R
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
1 g. T: d+ G( f& Wtest was ordered, but the family did not go to the! n [+ q4 d- M3 G' b/ K# s
laboratory to obtain the test.
: U9 s+ D1 X: I9 {Discussion6 O) e' U( C f: x
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary/ n# M# @+ u- U. Y0 ^
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4: B' Y8 x, ?" m5 a( v) {, j
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
0 ]# R7 Q8 N7 o9 N1 K8 E3 Fit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
1 F( B9 V( p# \) t' ?5 O: a4 V8 {thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
2 c$ l& x/ \8 Q0 P1 Xmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP) r# ]& d1 f8 t! m
may have a central nervous system lesion that is8 u1 F, l2 S% j3 w5 H
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
7 _3 s5 H$ e% L. Namic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
. r. [- Y+ t$ Y) D ^; J! Rsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
; a- ?, `7 o" h% p2 z- \7 n9 rboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-( ]$ B1 A' K$ D, f6 \. C7 f, ?
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
1 |7 e: ]$ w+ X& b+ k+ [) Crical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
/ v; p) T, p7 y; A- D4 I' mgonadotropins.1,3' s' `/ }9 R2 R+ w, P% p- {
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-# e" ^5 J* Z1 G3 m' h
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
" Q U& S# y7 F/ z$ E; Qandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or( K8 u% V* ~" C$ ?% A7 H
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-, x( V5 ^% u/ k: ]8 F. A/ A
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing& f! n1 ]7 ~- ~0 x- f
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
/ ]" i2 N6 y% yadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious6 ~3 i) g7 a+ L( H! d
puberty in boys.3,4; h% b0 c# |! j1 l
The most common form of congenital adrenal
, I, y6 x2 H7 W( I7 Thyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.- @/ j1 z+ \: q0 _$ k8 B
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in9 ^$ Z ?4 `$ R- m4 r
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,, D! z0 |% U2 l9 @+ y& T
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen, |" L9 Q5 }/ c) q$ T/ x
excess.1,3( Z$ g0 @. H' W
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
3 G. T! v, {% ?- ^# {542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007 v2 i& } C( o$ W; z
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-/ T9 h9 C: h* x& j& D( O. f
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
( V" W- D5 F- p( J; a8 k7 F# das testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
" |* t8 j: \; K. X0 fvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
, E7 Y$ y8 W% ]0 P& V3 m+ t, swith this disorder are full pubertal development,
$ Y# T4 i; `1 M* f8 \including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys- ]6 D/ Z# ]# q" O' ~7 i# i" b
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder& h3 K1 g: B( V0 b; M' K/ B
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
8 N: c4 r2 @% Y# mpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
; A+ t0 Q, _' w1 Treleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked7 d J( m L/ d, a+ v4 _
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
i6 t, p' n! umales; therefore, other male members of the family
. O- _2 P' l4 {* c6 l0 V. nmay have similar precocious puberty.3
7 Q& t3 l$ ~8 gIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
; q) w/ v U* q# O2 D+ y% t0 x' `( Tsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-2 g2 _) J$ F7 r' p2 ~
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
& d$ m/ j. e1 x! Z) zwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
6 \- { c9 R+ S y/ t9 _started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
$ ~! d; z9 C8 k4 ^6 qtesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
: ^5 X4 @( v- W! \3 o5 M* |beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
# O* n5 I- c6 | pative initial history of androgen exposure, our
; T; I' Y! P+ [9 ]( J; C! e8 Kbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,! h% p v- G+ w5 k/ N
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase# Q8 q, r& D7 W
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
. r- x4 y' P7 |+ ~7 [! \8 \ing the normal level of adrenal steroids. p8 s. b) n+ F8 q" P
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
& f9 O/ [7 I7 R4 Csuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because7 A0 \5 R. x0 \, J
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-! |% i, K6 d+ e9 s: G, k+ q( M. _0 x
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
( f# x/ f1 i3 n2 Zdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
, A+ i9 [; l* A+ Y& n, Z2 ]2 j Mterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
2 s+ V y' J: u; k: \0 @5 K) rusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
$ U7 H; I& y+ T* O% aDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
0 N* E' L! Q, w6 dcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
; I4 a& u# H O8 B" G7 Munprotected females through direct skin exposure.
- J7 I, r1 X5 h' b5 [& ~* vSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the4 n1 _. m- `+ x% a4 H# ~$ G* ?
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
4 @+ |5 i$ a( neven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
2 i: e8 V( C. T& ypartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
1 K4 ^4 W- R! \8 c7 _tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
2 p% n7 b( w1 Q, [0 F0 yOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,) E2 \: V2 h4 t5 Q
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
' h& c2 P' E- T" Q. X4 {7 gdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-5 Y! |. f, v% n6 ~/ q
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
; l6 f! {* s# P; r$ oactive in young children exposed to testosterone' ^8 x6 H# P* }) S, X3 u$ V0 F7 c
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-2 z X) ~" A2 S4 R
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to1 m: G. a( U3 b( o; j2 `" u7 s
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
4 J- ~- S; g fchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
; x. K& x& Q V4 kadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
1 `8 }' j; U' l3 SThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during% l7 r: Q3 t5 H& \
early childhood on pubertal development and final$ e) Q" S" h4 Q! n" G
adult height are not fully known and always remain
: _- A+ o# t" s$ ^+ ]5 F! T' Ra concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
/ o x' a. l! s; eterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some3 [/ m7 `! Y* q; ~3 c/ [! F( ^
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after# }& y5 I1 F" ]( W7 I
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation% t% C0 l6 @/ B: i0 ~8 z5 l
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,97 q7 j0 O, l- x; {$ h
There are conflicting reports and controversy
: S: c. n7 R( x4 e7 w6 f" qover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
$ h7 S1 f( V4 _7 D' _8 m* [penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
" |* W$ K/ z2 r: `adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-4 M3 @3 P/ O2 B4 N, O5 C+ E* z
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,8 N" e8 y2 q# c, u+ U- a
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
3 m: x& t: [1 {0 [% nchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult+ F2 B" W+ |+ u" H9 v
penile length in clinical studies.( q2 } h2 `" I/ h" u! w$ g2 O! |' g: [
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
1 l7 K5 T; Y- V rgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from
* Y8 k9 s* i, D: ^testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because) {; h) a) G* N+ r
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
/ f5 e- B6 m5 L; R0 TAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of5 @7 W+ j0 C. v- p9 F
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
( o. a$ d; `7 e2 e" C' Dthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult' F' k6 ^ Z2 h1 b9 t
height will not be affected.. Q9 K, r- U) G* b
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
& w: k' m& b- z3 Gability of androgen products in our society may
2 U5 t9 N* `8 c p: gindeed cause more virilization in male or female
9 z( {- {4 Q- \) E: o) Hchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
: j% G! w% Z' d) z: r+ |gen products must be considered and specific ques-
, Z3 l/ X- T9 `6 x; E+ ~. Ttioning about the use of a testosterone product or3 T& ?' Y6 @: v. a8 q
gel should be asked of the family members during; R$ _, ?) w2 [% |& ^% r
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
6 f& [# }( ]' ?9 s9 z0 N8 P4 nilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
6 S) g$ _+ p( s) ynosis can be established by just a few tests and by- D- {% N" N y
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
) p& {0 x4 L1 shistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
% ^3 L0 z$ J% V' `result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive4 d1 D$ C. |4 s
investigation. The primary care physician should be
$ [) S, }2 F+ z% Y( R: naware of this fact, because most of these children
, _: \" b9 X' K0 E* K) Cmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’% l' V" L: u; H: U0 R$ g
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
, [9 b( p' E& e$ |' p4 ?& z6 swarning about the virilizing effect on a male or1 D- x6 _2 F7 S Z6 a! D
female child who might come in contact with some-. a8 r% a) }6 N3 ]
one using any of these products.* _2 e$ {4 x2 U" }. c
References. [% _& p9 A9 v9 t8 n1 R
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
- U$ G) s8 |6 ]9 w7 m% Jand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric+ R6 b1 E" _, n" O# V! ~7 \. U( U
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
0 X! J! U* H/ `. X, M! S' R* d( {0 l2002: 565-628.
( T9 M: [9 ]( d3 v+ o, _2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious. F7 u7 u! V! T; a; e* Q3 \2 L" F
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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