WK綜合論壇, WK综合论坛

 找回密碼
 立即注册
樓主: wk007

鄉下的妹子太便宜,一次四個都要了[12P]

[複製鏈接]
發表於 2025-1-4 03:25:35 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
  `7 c1 ~. A# P. P+ |Boy Induced by Indirect Topical4 t/ Z# g3 \1 b2 s; F
Exposure to Testosterone
  S0 j/ f4 \* ]" ?  t5 G& t; t& xSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2) \& e. g- b. [) T" Y7 K: a
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD18 q0 `- z/ v. v  T
Clinical Pediatrics
- |1 \; n/ Y4 `  _! H: L3 D$ v! xVolume 46 Number 6
8 d7 A8 n& R! }July 2007 540-543
5 O  Q( r# A4 q( ^© 2007 Sage Publications) ?. _/ J$ G7 r2 _0 Y; N8 R
10.1177/0009922806296651+ O# l$ z3 b: U9 j3 M0 ~
http://clp.sagepub.com
0 `; x  s. Z+ w9 m  mhosted at- e6 d% x0 C  ]. m& r
http://online.sagepub.com
; w7 {. c. p5 a+ [0 OPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,; B- q7 n# P/ X+ f8 b  A0 S
is a significant concern for physicians. Central7 u2 K% m2 v) [; w
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
  T6 h2 {3 l& a7 {0 Uthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
* M% ?" q/ h" S4 G$ j5 l) O  fa higher incidence of organic central nervous system* H% f/ n! \( e- o( \& @) d; ^
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested0 V) l+ @- C. r0 D
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic9 `4 h) h. N* M/ S) C
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
5 r0 P' {1 d3 ecles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
+ L" R3 F/ u3 ^9 n+ Jreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the4 N0 [% u  r2 W) a
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-& o1 R. M' v# H! j9 h4 B$ t/ r
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
! O9 s% H! _. K2 ]6 F: Nto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by' V/ N" z) N0 t( M) m! _9 x+ R; m$ g
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
; L* R- W- F4 w' l& M" dmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
! [& I5 }3 Z, h9 U! zchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
( h  t  P5 ]7 |: w+ Ltestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
0 E+ R6 e4 D5 X& ^/ I4 wbly more common than the rare case report in the# T: W" m& @1 P2 j9 E1 k" _2 _
literature.4. D! P. v0 j$ a# D# ?
Patient Report
3 _! e5 w& S7 xA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
: }1 Z& R! h9 [$ qendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
. a3 m. p& n0 d* _2 a. Q4 B9 Vof early sexual development. His mother noticed* g. \7 m* [* u
light colored pubic hair development when he was
/ e0 i; |; K; N2 p- uFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
7 g# H8 Y3 Y( z6 i' d- D0 B1 i  eSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
$ Y- B# _! B/ j4 O" d3 C' [6 ?Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
% H/ a* |/ d* E' S, o5 z# Y0 yProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
! C6 N, I& ~9 b  K  \$ aMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;* Z$ B1 \* x& x( ~
e-mail: [email protected].$ w* S% s' q5 ~; q
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
0 Z& J* q4 I& ]2 t3 y" _darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-/ e: k- @3 H1 f$ N# U
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
( ^! N; D9 F. o# W. ^1 y; gwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
8 N" V1 y4 o# Q' `" h, h4 ca birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of& ?! o/ l( O6 H* z  V2 y4 V8 _0 F
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year6 I; ~* D6 R  ?. U8 {8 B
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
6 z- `1 A( Q& o) W* C8 dsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,* q( u) D  t! j% U8 l( `- q$ q
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development) u7 ?" `- Z  n, M
was age appropriate.
* Y2 \* r" v3 q! Q" j6 E( ^. Z  GThe family history was remarkable for the father,
) y3 m" f* f5 V, I% Bwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
0 c- ~: E+ @" y, l, \3 W# Twhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s# }  t  M% h7 _
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
% L" K0 m" v% ~0 u3 Z8 Nearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
0 p) n5 L, r1 O% [; a0 u$ BThe father denied taking any other medication. The! ^, s7 V2 T1 M* k
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche- q. w9 `4 m9 B& F: u2 a
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet! B. k, L/ a2 h( t! z
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-* P, n5 K; W# a9 F4 N
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
% q7 G7 x; k# G: T& z% _tives. There were no siblings.
' i0 l4 ]2 |0 R: _8 @0 z1 Y1 G# DPhysical Examination
: ^' \( g+ C2 ]2 ]" lThe physical examination revealed a very active,
, s' G; W: l4 S; ^* Z# k% Nplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
( b2 W6 [: S; @* s5 Z0 qa blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
' n9 p! |$ n1 Z) S90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
" G5 _8 D. {1 P% {(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth2 M7 @+ i7 Y/ E$ w0 H: g& v0 P9 R
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of8 a5 d$ M, \/ ~. v3 b6 q4 a7 S! W
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.0 d3 a4 P' t7 v  X* N/ ~5 T- c* Y
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
3 M( a6 `/ s. K% k+ G4 b$ R. R, {1 nenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
( c% p; a9 G9 d% `. `) M8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
$ I6 r6 C; I. M. Q. V% s" K7 ~, H1 zdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
: }- X! `  C3 c# w540
8 P( `9 s# i3 m9 i7 y9 l, ^at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from% R' U2 G" b! x: _! W
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
1 r6 ~$ `) @4 i8 d6 E1 Ctesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
7 R4 G- d; K8 _' O3 d1 B& L4 }The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
3 Q( L# ?1 s4 u1 m1 ^oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
5 ]- q3 ?8 N8 \; [+ qabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.4 S: x" v  ?; p6 ~; Z2 @! F
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+5 H' e1 z, V8 |/ R
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion" K  L2 }; \  k* _7 m( G
of papilledema./ I6 W; `/ {9 B0 u6 C
Laboratory Evaluation
" V) w" G0 H# t, o: y/ `" rThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by, @5 J* |/ K  `
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
  m5 c5 n5 J& I( i) Llogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal3 \: }* F/ y3 N
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
/ p* I) E( ], M7 d! J$ F0 R7 L5 y! w; sshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-" }" F6 v& Y, o5 J
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).4 j: u. f/ H( M& K9 o
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
% r( _7 Y/ D0 t! _, ]urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were. d3 @* L4 ?2 \# a) h& u/ W6 T
within normal range for his age. The concentration
  t! _# j6 ]/ Z0 Q8 Xof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL# Z: M$ I' U) e. d0 N) B4 X$ K
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20+ M) ^" u2 n# _+ |& X1 v  R# ^
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
( ?! E6 w4 H1 @$ H) y. a3 g6 xterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),; d6 }7 Y: p1 J2 U* b
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to8 a9 a1 ~' K9 I1 ?5 K
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)5 ]( x6 L$ }# h2 x& Y' t. u
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
0 q( \: Y4 k7 l8 o) Q$ G9 Y6 \3 L5 [tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
" N0 i0 k% R- ]* Itestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
* k: W3 O, E: n5 {8 d% |% L4 Z0 t9 Wand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than" |# w# l( U  }) j
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
& j# ]0 y- F) B2 P# P. ostimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone' ^0 u' N! @( Z# V$ b% u  T& A
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL6 _) O# Y5 ^" Z9 Z% V
(prepubertal).
- Y$ o- l/ y2 V, M1 f1 aThe parents were notified about the laboratory
) b0 F6 Z; q* B' j- Bresults and were informed that all of the tests were! a- k& o4 d+ {! b" o0 ~
normal except the testosterone level was high. The0 v1 a) N- a+ L4 |
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to! D2 I/ e6 b! V3 X& N( \4 C
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
) }# _9 r# M8 q' M  Wever, the family did not return for 4 months.
% d4 n1 Q$ E* m4 |6 cPhysical examination at this time revealed that the4 A8 ~. i9 k5 _5 Z! a& N2 D
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained. v; V8 c2 R: ^1 T* o# c) v
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
2 u7 [$ C/ h- h( d4 @unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-5 W) G% q, X; p4 p8 B
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at- l  G1 D+ I4 P  h% \
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
5 V; ], G2 x  ]# w  J1 k. W( R# XmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
" B1 u2 D$ @5 JThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-& U1 k* e- p6 u; t: X# P# m* }$ L
ing frequent erections.
' o& Z8 B* P3 }+ LBoth parents were again questioned about use of
: i% p, H7 G; V/ Iany ointment/creams that they may have applied to- [* m2 U" }, B7 \9 Y3 h
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the7 {  }( W( G/ g
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
* {( Z6 _7 I% c# ]& X! Cuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
2 ^9 K" [# C. ?7 ^) h, Aing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for3 p: Q7 \3 w, [0 I& L. H
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed5 S! [" q$ @& R% H
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-8 |  c5 Q8 _2 A
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido* m" J2 a: B% t) a8 W$ P3 m) B
secondary to depression.
4 S0 [3 T) h* MThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
  H% a2 j2 Q, b) L- ^: gThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
- N% F" z3 w; S3 f; I- \7 Rchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
" W" U: V2 I5 [# \5 z9 rnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
8 V5 R: V+ f0 v) u0 OThe father also admitted that after the phone call,! p2 f7 W# |, l8 t0 z$ L% e: a1 K4 S
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby  M2 W9 v" T' b5 s. F/ C
was high, he then read the product information
) u0 V5 N5 h- h6 Gpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
2 ^, O0 ?1 B5 L$ ]son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they8 Y- R3 U+ o5 U
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
# i9 |; L' s& O6 s& R) kfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had: |, h, d3 G2 d5 p/ }
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone. [3 c0 M7 c' Y
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the; p7 g3 e+ V: ]
laboratory to obtain the test.- q+ P8 T6 u6 g7 P/ {
Discussion
; e1 R+ a' b% k3 }Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary& y" l) r( @- `; s) H
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
  Z) i, n( I$ _) F2 J* E& |Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when# g7 Z+ i1 {! X) W# a0 F, N9 ~# B
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-7 |% O" B0 L" I8 O* K+ ~
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
) \$ K( p* q3 t, a. Tmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
# e& D' T, n! X% A: y- P( I5 |may have a central nervous system lesion that is
! c: N! S% [& i  l% n$ n# E5 \responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-8 @1 b) U4 ?% k8 h# j  K0 o
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-% q' c, r% y& {: {% ~
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in  ^9 K, H6 E8 j2 Z8 w
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-$ K$ J, V4 l; m6 C& Q# G
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-" g( z0 _( |( a
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by- y) v* u5 _3 k; u$ P
gonadotropins.1,3: p; F4 m& h/ r5 Y
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-5 e) t( J5 }5 G. {$ L9 w
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
; M) v( h( G! M  n, i& ^$ [- Pandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
# |$ Z4 A1 r0 p9 M3 \exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-6 E* p* F# j+ m2 C: I+ G% [) K8 _
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
. [0 h7 q6 O! I$ xcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
; Y0 p2 k( t7 u$ j6 nadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
* Q  q+ S% x+ |$ p+ W7 Y0 }% }puberty in boys.3,48 b2 A# U( U4 f6 V/ `, l4 u
The most common form of congenital adrenal
, |' V7 T* s+ `* x) ?0 U% `# Whyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.1 @) ?7 M8 F3 [
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in1 w* v# i+ {9 K9 _
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
& Q8 _, b1 c$ Jan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen1 g/ Y# g+ C% d: K
excess.1,3
9 h0 Q( @& u( Kat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from! B, [# o( t" b( x
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007% ~# X, u  d2 o# e5 L' P  d% H$ g' J
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
) Q  ]( ?/ h% H9 t: f5 A7 t% Pindependent precocious puberty, which is also known' r8 l9 N, \* I& c8 A
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a6 O8 C/ h. J  Q+ A2 h" ~& v# z' J
very young age. The physical findings in these boys# {) h8 _; O! t% q8 @" F
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
. p% X* R0 d' {- v7 m% u( L9 oincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys0 k' y. y& u) Q; j; b7 Q
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder  y$ r( f4 N: g/ [& Y
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show0 e  D; A; U8 n& P9 `# x
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-7 D& Z2 z! G. E2 \$ ?* w
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked$ A: J. a" Y, T  p, b/ G
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only' \  x+ f( A9 P0 C" v
males; therefore, other male members of the family
1 P% ^% q! c0 T+ h: D; L, _' Mmay have similar precocious puberty.3
7 Y! s) O( E4 L+ z% wIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
1 ^" h2 I2 k: t1 n. fsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-7 {) \( W) s* U. N
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
$ p5 y" B4 G3 W* G9 ~was in the differential diagnosis because his father
% ?5 ~$ P3 E( T( Jstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,( v  b4 y. \+ \1 {7 U
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
4 w- I0 x9 c9 h( G7 kbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-+ n9 u& ~1 s9 {; @# K: U- b
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our2 a, k2 i3 ]; |
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,4 N) X2 |0 t+ e# Z& x4 x
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase1 l9 I- y, B1 ~$ C8 J9 c# X' b
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-/ y8 h6 C1 D2 g$ ?  W- F( u
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
" F1 }* q/ C: [' e( hThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly  o8 P1 O1 I# ]+ H
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because1 |! y4 y$ B( W1 p' }' d, O. _( N
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-9 V) {3 q2 p0 Y& [
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
6 x4 W( u& c  x9 L, e1 G# g3 ~: zdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-( O- a  \+ v& e4 Z  v
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was1 y; h  |0 U4 M2 y# C
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’7 j3 S5 S! J* _  W& i3 U
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or% t) C* @3 h9 V7 r
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to/ G) [2 ]6 X8 Y8 o, r1 f1 _
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
( U+ Q: a5 }4 V2 g. ]( ]Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
3 a( H6 e5 {9 n6 z; I4 n4 Q" _baseline value in those females who were exposed to
* J& z4 i3 n- m% G3 s! s' [; H$ keven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
5 M3 X8 v+ d% k; rpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
6 n6 e3 P9 z% S: Z3 ition site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.8 X$ n4 y1 j. l2 R+ o0 x0 R' u
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,( C( S9 [$ |  D+ w
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
9 [4 u+ O) w3 C( [dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-: N6 w$ r2 t6 H# S# a' T
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more7 @4 {! z# L7 g+ `% h
active in young children exposed to testosterone
7 N$ R9 x' O9 f, t) a0 M0 ^exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-# H/ A& b  A! @9 t
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
7 i  [, ]. Q8 _5 s% Kvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
" U# b9 d0 Q  N7 [4 p# r, Kchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
8 X2 m( t) y8 y. j* s; F  P& radvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
! n: U" ~- [" w. P/ P; R4 ZThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
0 ^- t6 j  f; b% R+ j( mearly childhood on pubertal development and final
; z. R9 f" i5 H" hadult height are not fully known and always remain3 f# g4 o  l1 N) R
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-- m$ W( ?+ M, S8 |2 B
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some" m& ?9 ~1 }. l6 K4 g" P
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
  t2 |- K% ~# {: G+ Pcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
; P: H3 N- N6 t/ i  ?& o; D5 Ndecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
% Z- B' ?+ a* P3 d$ fThere are conflicting reports and controversy6 h0 L$ f* b5 M
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult$ W0 f6 A. u1 W. s  o; d$ E/ S
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal" ]( x8 H8 I3 N0 k
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-7 L. R/ o) R4 K$ m1 j  R
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
$ I/ D, F9 X* L0 h$ }Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
' G6 ?0 V% P$ U7 A& d2 O% I  @childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult/ z% G" _  N# J% u* W& \, d( K
penile length in clinical studies.2 j7 c' L# |- z! n/ K
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is+ ^. ~: H+ K0 Z2 g- v+ o# I
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
& Q8 l( i$ g/ q& Itestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because. x# |7 S; L. _4 t
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.* w9 \- m1 }2 I: _2 C3 g; Q* O5 s
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of, [, B7 \3 ~# B7 o3 E' g1 P! F
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at: b+ ]6 F8 x* F1 h" \
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult/ o" D& |$ ^% y( W, i# |( L
height will not be affected.
4 j# s% i* x2 E% z; [Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
, k9 K* }; C. W. U1 kability of androgen products in our society may
; X/ U" I  q4 ]: e7 `/ J8 ^indeed cause more virilization in male or female
6 o: v: x% C; {9 U% \children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-& v0 o3 C" f/ d% i
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
$ t7 p& g' ^# H6 e' otioning about the use of a testosterone product or
& T; X0 k" T- @; o1 T4 O4 Ngel should be asked of the family members during. D9 T' G) z. A' D
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-0 r, A* u; M# s/ S# H7 x
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-2 c0 A+ @7 \& m/ X0 e' T, c& i- x
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
5 E) s  o+ t" a' v% R, dappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a& t: B, s2 W+ F
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
, v9 ?2 A0 M9 X# S' G8 yresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
/ I$ \0 q! `, z* [investigation. The primary care physician should be) j# i% M8 l8 x) o2 y1 X( B+ X
aware of this fact, because most of these children
' V+ H. l' r7 v" Hmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’' p! O, E6 U3 H5 Z, b' I- b) N, x
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
$ G& F/ G7 `- R# e2 _8 ewarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
6 i; K2 o) I/ t4 A9 d( vfemale child who might come in contact with some-
8 O/ [& @$ ]% t% T1 K2 Q) hone using any of these products.
' m# a; C. B$ i, W$ @- lReferences, x# A" t3 @" R
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
8 r* w9 l- U% H0 `# Jand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric4 [/ T4 K9 K2 P
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;7 Y) Z. Y* N- _$ ^2 ~$ A# V7 S
2002: 565-628.
/ I9 o6 J9 \5 `/ L- [6 z) t% N  H2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious) y) f. b1 H3 d+ m' }' A1 X7 l
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-4 03:27:02 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old# w0 a% \& G* d" c) ~3 F! ^
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical& e7 K/ i/ K; L" {9 A4 Y: g, U! s, L
Exposure to Testosterone
2 K* n8 [4 [) e! j7 L9 y# FSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
  m- B+ f% Q0 J  u  Jand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
0 j: P% {* ^; Q6 V$ uClinical Pediatrics
8 F% R! _- |0 k3 V/ f; eVolume 46 Number 64 k9 u0 \; r5 q3 ]5 I8 @
July 2007 540-543
# D; p4 W2 v* T+ R* g. @) ]© 2007 Sage Publications4 W4 H4 a1 f2 Y3 p3 n) Q' C
10.1177/0009922806296651. |5 c2 O: ~2 R' N' h$ ?$ f4 s
http://clp.sagepub.com  U6 E4 y5 `3 @& O4 F4 ^4 K# U  R
hosted at. h/ o" p! A/ _" k2 `9 Z7 I' P$ Y
http://online.sagepub.com0 ], }' c' s* a* P8 H
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,1 }% h% _& s% A% i$ B
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
. E9 B- n. n4 ~4 fprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
2 U2 H3 w7 @; j2 b2 i7 mthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
$ W" _& d9 o% T& }a higher incidence of organic central nervous system, p$ r# h; _, T7 P5 P& W
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
& A4 c- D( h$ I* j, X/ O2 `by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic7 A0 U  G1 p. I8 M- X
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-- E; c; r7 O! V; _9 d8 q
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
4 D4 j+ M" \/ }) T) L1 Qreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the& S4 b; J$ [% q6 K9 A: M
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
4 Q' J) X" P% Q3 d7 {; B- ~- xment without testicular enlargement, which was due6 R7 c% T/ w3 C) w
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
, u$ t2 w5 s9 p$ w/ dthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-# m4 V% K- T' t& {, j
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this8 E( c2 T4 J6 I( i9 _0 N- M
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of+ O% w3 R) y' Y# y  h
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-) ]* \3 l6 n3 H8 Z1 i* U) ^2 r
bly more common than the rare case report in the) ^0 V; G$ ]- K2 C
literature.4$ H& Z9 n9 P3 W6 B% w, h
Patient Report1 |0 \) b. y+ q1 D5 m, X9 h
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
1 ~& d6 L+ d2 d0 f5 i; eendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
* b1 d: m6 s8 e$ c9 ^of early sexual development. His mother noticed8 ]7 p  E$ }- {5 W' R+ s
light colored pubic hair development when he was
4 t/ \. ?+ l5 G  NFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
! Q- q) A, V8 \# o) kSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.* ]+ K1 T% z3 a' J6 L8 B
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,  n" V* P  j; ?9 d* s1 R
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
+ _. `: q/ p6 n, \3 y/ eMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;+ d: a9 O2 g+ O* F1 k
e-mail: [email protected].
0 [6 b* {- C; yabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
" E5 M3 f  t9 z1 ?darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-; Z* q0 y* Q2 S; U
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child( {& C6 J% ]- o( ^+ m
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with2 K" e0 j8 u! `# M8 A5 y
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of+ |  e4 _# E* [- H
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year4 S# |( Q" v, G9 r
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with. i) s+ T5 x: J6 @; L
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,' B/ w7 `! |" w. L! w" K
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
8 L6 b% d& ]4 O2 m- _- s4 ~was age appropriate./ c$ R7 f3 f" V/ I( L& \9 _8 |
The family history was remarkable for the father,
" H) |9 }" C+ ]2 A( I: A; X. dwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,0 \% ^7 B3 j! J- k; E( V& M
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
# u2 U2 s' ~- C/ Sheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat* @  B+ \/ m" a0 }1 f
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.6 x% E2 ]& R* a5 ]# s9 A
The father denied taking any other medication. The
& Q1 \1 t2 u( Z) fchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche% h! u2 r/ R" r* o$ s
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet$ p# \' Q7 x8 d2 R7 U3 p! h# ]
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-, H: _" ~$ g9 G+ @2 Q) f, R1 m
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-1 |) n  g9 U2 E! _" m
tives. There were no siblings.0 ?$ c5 M& ~7 L7 D
Physical Examination
: K* i) H; _5 l& \% t" n) {, KThe physical examination revealed a very active,$ j. z  E0 ?6 @' p
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
7 R+ D7 ~( m6 l# E3 A/ f0 }* |a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
) Y7 u) _0 ~  d" s- |6 Q; w- i6 x2 V90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg! E( |- P( T2 ?6 d$ Z7 L  o
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth7 E9 Z; n8 j1 e2 p3 r
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
% p( g, H$ z; P( A7 w9 H$ ithe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
# s1 K- T8 _9 J7 _The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
# n% m, a* @8 S- j- i4 denlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
4 O& C! c7 z9 x2 E' `% l" j8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well$ i' G6 {6 P- a& L3 z* X
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around8 w! P) R* H4 L! R* f8 s+ q: F5 o$ R; F
540# m& G1 F0 f, z- {9 w
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
0 z* ?1 b9 Q7 y. r1 lthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
' n& }7 G1 g# s! e& @1 I. gtesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.6 q5 g+ F' c$ `  R8 Y9 H) X/ Y  {0 c
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
* \. w/ k1 ]& O0 foily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
) e3 |$ g1 Z$ }* ~. e' Pabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots., O4 f" `& z/ E+ z
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+& m+ E. n6 Z9 P6 N
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion* f5 H. I( K5 s/ O/ ?' ~$ v
of papilledema.
) u& y, ^$ q+ HLaboratory Evaluation* i) A- N! u8 c; `' s3 P
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
' }1 V; j, g4 L: [' \6 Ausing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-  k' I+ A0 @) s/ b9 |3 a5 c" h1 Q/ T
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
& Z) t0 Z3 Y1 w( V" c, c* d' v* Zkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
7 Z& U5 {3 h0 |' S3 k( k& oshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-" G+ X. u( l+ [  s# o
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).2 {  p* C0 H& k) _
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
+ b- M* `/ U7 v  R" @urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were. W8 a/ O3 c- @/ t' ]
within normal range for his age. The concentration
5 L# r, J' m1 P5 S8 \; r/ qof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
; |1 ^# R; |0 q1 r8 N(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
5 e- J9 w$ {* E. S& q) n5 A  J& rng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-" f# e: T8 E, k. i3 j$ ^2 a
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),+ d/ L: b; m5 g( g
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
1 N% B; g( f4 K8 @49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
$ f8 g7 x8 _3 `( F8 ~was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-8 h& {$ |) s( S2 ~- v
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total" b6 b6 k0 d! U' I2 P. r
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
, H0 v: {; z7 ~5 Mand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
7 S  m$ e8 n1 C; H) t" }9 z  u5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular$ _7 t2 m; l* r$ q6 T
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
. ^# A+ L5 ]) X2 t' aconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL6 n$ s$ H! D8 C$ S- e; z
(prepubertal).
5 T8 Z4 D5 o# sThe parents were notified about the laboratory' g. I' ^9 o( C/ ]
results and were informed that all of the tests were
. a8 R5 {' A: m3 o, ~6 u/ T7 Qnormal except the testosterone level was high. The0 J# {2 [! U. h* p7 ^1 R
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to: b# n, O: W6 C8 F
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
7 W7 W4 U- O; z# n; O& n8 O" Dever, the family did not return for 4 months.
  k/ M, ~5 @  C% zPhysical examination at this time revealed that the% A4 S& j- g6 e/ R' b
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
2 o' H7 w  ]% F; Q5 I2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
2 U( V0 b3 y, `, aunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-$ j5 |5 P6 |; p3 A  K
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at4 m. |" M2 e8 h4 i/ u# Q0 b
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2, U7 M. k* W9 m  r- H
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
% X" v( H3 P+ W6 sThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-; L) K, l8 \0 o$ z/ w
ing frequent erections.( P% o, H2 r! z) V. S( J; K
Both parents were again questioned about use of( T) W  v. ]9 e& \, A9 E
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
# q) c$ b! K4 X) Pthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
. V5 h! z' T- m' k; L5 H5 iTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
9 \/ @/ D! B. \9 s& h9 Tuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
/ y! v3 x/ a5 ving over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
3 \! X) w# n" |a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
/ w3 v' \) H( s8 ]to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
6 T% z. h& r: }scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
$ Y9 {% M7 P3 Y5 psecondary to depression.7 i& D4 f8 f4 n$ X6 H; N3 ~
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
0 h$ P$ }9 P+ {4 ~* l, Q8 C! mThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
, H  O% y+ w5 I/ Q: ^chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
; [. J6 `8 Q, a' m7 e7 bnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.5 ?" d0 u+ u% v9 j0 f
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
' B4 W2 q8 f# W. z! rwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby" {4 A( l" U& d  D' o% }6 z1 H
was high, he then read the product information0 y+ q2 P4 k9 ]+ Y& `3 [9 |; K
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
2 b8 D6 X; ]; _  {' I% y- @& hson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
8 N6 O6 s4 Y+ m9 t9 J) Kdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the# c) Y8 t  k0 R# V" T- ?2 h/ G5 k' y
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had& c1 s' {/ I' ?- m, R
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
1 g. T: d+ G( f& Wtest was ordered, but the family did not go to the! n  [+ q4 d- M3 G' b/ K# s
laboratory to obtain the test.
: U9 s+ D1 X: I9 {Discussion6 O) e' U( C  f: x
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary/ n# M# @+ u- U. Y0 ^
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4: B' Y8 x, ?" m5 a( v) {, j
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
0 ]# R7 Q8 N7 o9 N1 K8 E3 Fit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
1 F( B9 V( p# \) t' ?5 O: a4 V8 {thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
2 c$ l& x/ \8 Q0 P1 Xmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP) r# ]& d1 f8 t! m
may have a central nervous system lesion that is8 u1 F, l2 S% j3 w5 H
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
7 _3 s5 H$ e% L. Namic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
. r. [- Y+ t$ Y) D  ^; J! Rsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
; a- ?, `7 o" h% p2 z- \7 n9 rboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-( ]$ B1 A' K$ D, f6 \. C7 f, ?
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
1 |7 e: ]$ w+ X& b+ k+ [) Crical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
/ v; p) T, p7 y; A- D4 I' mgonadotropins.1,3' s' `/ }9 R2 R+ w, P% p- {
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-# e" ^5 J* Z1 G3 m' h
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
" Q  U& S# y7 F/ z$ E; Qandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or( K8 u% V* ~" C$ ?% A7 H
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-, x( V5 ^% u/ k: ]8 F. A/ A
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing& f! n1 ]7 ~- ~0 x- f
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
/ ]" i2 N6 y% yadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious6 ~3 i) g7 a+ L( H! d
puberty in boys.3,4; h% b0 c# |! j1 l
The most common form of congenital adrenal
, I, y6 x2 H7 W( I7 Thyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.- @/ j1 z+ \: q0 _$ k8 B
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in9 ^$ Z  ?4 `$ R- m4 r
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,, D! z0 |% U2 l9 @+ y& T
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen, |" L9 Q5 }/ c) q$ T/ x
excess.1,3( Z$ g0 @. H' W
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
3 G. T! v, {% ?- ^# {542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007  v2 i& }  C( o$ W; z
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-/ T9 h9 C: h* x& j& D( O. f
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
( V" W- D5 F- p( J; a8 k7 F# das testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
" |* t8 j: \; K. X0 fvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
, E7 Y$ y8 W% ]0 P& V3 m+ t, swith this disorder are full pubertal development,
$ Y# T4 i; `1 M* f8 \including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys- ]6 D/ Z# ]# q" O' ~7 i# i" b
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder& h3 K1 g: B( V0 b; M' K/ B
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
8 N: c4 r2 @% Y# mpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
; A+ t0 Q, _' w1 Treleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked7 d  J( m  L/ d, a+ v4 _
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
  i6 t, p' n! umales; therefore, other male members of the family
. O- _2 P' l4 {* c6 l0 V. nmay have similar precocious puberty.3
7 Q& t3 l$ ~8 gIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
; q) w/ v  U* q# O2 D+ y% t0 x' `( Tsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-2 g2 _) J$ F7 r' p2 ~
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
& d$ m/ j. e1 x! Z) zwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
6 \- {  c9 R+ S  y/ t9 _started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
$ ~! d; z9 C8 k4 ^6 qtesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
: ^5 X4 @( v- W! \3 o5 M* |beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
# O* n5 I- c6 |  pative initial history of androgen exposure, our
; T; I' Y! P+ [9 ]( J; C! e8 Kbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,! h% p  v- G+ w5 k/ N
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase# Q8 q, r& D7 W
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
. r- x4 y' P7 |+ ~7 [! \8 \ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.  p8 s. b) n+ F8 q" P
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
& f9 O/ [7 I7 R4 Csuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because7 A0 \5 R. x0 \, J
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-! |% i, K6 d+ e9 s: G, k+ q( M. _0 x
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
( f# x/ f1 i3 n2 Zdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
, A+ i9 [; l* A+ Y& n, Z2 ]2 j  Mterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
2 s+ V  y' J: u; k: \0 @5 K) rusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
$ U7 H; I& y+ T* O% aDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
0 N* E' L! Q, w6 dcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
; I4 a& u# H  O8 B" G7 Munprotected females through direct skin exposure.
- J7 I, r1 X5 h' b5 [& ~* vSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the4 n1 _. m- `+ x% a4 H# ~$ G* ?
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
4 @+ |5 i$ a( neven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
2 i: e8 V( C. T& ypartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
1 K4 ^4 W- R! \8 c7 _tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
2 p% n7 b( w1 Q, [0 F0 yOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,) E2 \: V2 h4 t5 Q
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
' h& c2 P' E- T" Q. X4 {7 gdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-5 Y! |. f, v% n6 ~/ q
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
; l6 f! {* s# P; r$ oactive in young children exposed to testosterone' ^8 x6 H# P* }) S, X3 u$ V0 F7 c
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-2 z  X) ~" A2 S4 R
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to1 m: G. a( U3 b( o; j2 `" u7 s
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
4 J- ~- S; g  fchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
; x. K& x& Q  V4 kadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
1 `8 }' j; U' l3 SThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during% l7 r: Q3 t5 H& \
early childhood on pubertal development and final$ e) Q" S" h4 Q! n" G
adult height are not fully known and always remain
: _- A+ o# t" s$ ^+ ]5 F! T' Ra concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
/ o  x' a. l! s; eterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some3 [/ m7 `! Y* q; ~3 c/ [! F( ^
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after# }& y5 I1 F" ]( W7 I
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation% t% C0 l6 @/ B: i0 ~8 z5 l
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,97 q7 j0 O, l- x; {$ h
There are conflicting reports and controversy
: S: c. n7 R( x4 e7 w6 f" qover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
$ h7 S1 f( V4 _7 D' _8 m* [penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
" |* W$ K/ z2 r: `adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-4 M3 @3 P/ O2 B4 N, O5 C+ E* z
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,8 N" e8 y2 q# c, u+ U- a
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
3 m: x& t: [1 {0 [% nchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult+ F2 B" W+ |+ u" H9 v
penile length in clinical studies.( q2 }  h2 `" I/ h" u! w$ g2 O! |' g: [
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
1 l7 K5 T; Y- V  rgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from
* Y8 k9 s* i, D: ^testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because) {; h) a) G* N+ r
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
/ f5 e- B6 m5 L; R0 TAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of5 @7 W+ j0 C. v- p9 F
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
( o. a$ d; `7 e2 e" C' Dthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult' F' k6 ^  Z2 h1 b9 t
height will not be affected.. Q9 K, r- U) G* b
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
& w: k' m& b- z3 Gability of androgen products in our society may
2 U5 t9 N* `8 c  p: gindeed cause more virilization in male or female
9 z( {- {4 Q- \) E: o) Hchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
: j% G! w% Z' d) z: r+ |gen products must be considered and specific ques-
, Z3 l/ X- T9 `6 x; E+ ~. Ttioning about the use of a testosterone product or3 T& ?' Y6 @: v. a8 q
gel should be asked of the family members during; R$ _, ?) w2 [% |& ^% r
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
6 f& [# }( ]' ?9 s9 z0 N8 P4 nilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
6 S) g$ _+ p( s) ynosis can be established by just a few tests and by- D- {% N" N  y
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
) p& {0 x4 L1 shistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
% ^3 L0 z$ J% V' `result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive4 d1 D$ C. |4 s
investigation. The primary care physician should be
$ [) S, }2 F+ z% Y( R: naware of this fact, because most of these children
, _: \" b9 X' K0 E* K) Cmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’% l' V" L: u; H: U0 R$ g
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
, [9 b( p' E& e$ |' p4 ?& z6 swarning about the virilizing effect on a male or1 D- x6 _2 F7 S  Z6 a! D
female child who might come in contact with some-. a8 r% a) }6 N3 ]
one using any of these products.* _2 e$ {4 x2 U" }. c
References. [% _& p9 A9 v9 t8 n1 R
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
- U$ G) s8 |6 ]9 w7 m% Jand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric+ R6 b1 E" _, n" O# V! ~7 \. U( U
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
0 X! J! U* H/ `. X, M! S' R* d( {0 l2002: 565-628.
( T9 M: [9 ]( d3 v+ o, _2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious. F7 u7 u! V! T; a; e* Q3 \2 L" F
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
- Q/ b- u5 p1 J& S  K) Z- c
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
您需要登錄後才可以回帖 登錄 | 立即注册

本版積分規則


快速回復 返回頂部 返回列表