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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
5 i: P$ i2 b$ o) bBoy Induced by Indirect Topical+ T$ D: O4 P1 k1 Y- [
Exposure to Testosterone
1 _5 a+ T. h- \Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
2 G$ E0 d! T, f$ w& Iand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
* i# }  }- L. I4 n5 ^4 \Clinical Pediatrics
$ j. F: q6 _; K, q3 z: eVolume 46 Number 6
# i7 @0 m5 \; XJuly 2007 540-543, f$ q9 f$ z3 Y! ~
© 2007 Sage Publications1 A# w) \/ k: O/ s$ o' }+ i
10.1177/0009922806296651
9 `  c; {% [3 g+ e3 Y# Nhttp://clp.sagepub.com& @8 }6 S" r# L, h; Q5 T. I
hosted at
: y, D- [4 V! e6 ^% b9 shttp://online.sagepub.com* Y8 W8 x7 ^% d( z
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
" X. u2 h+ a& e4 o, U. n! x4 h/ Mis a significant concern for physicians. Central
- S$ F* @9 K+ Y8 j' G+ Kprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
" h% e! R' h* F3 nthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has, D7 a* ~$ M; u
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
% J) E9 X: s* L$ |* d3 S4 Wlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
0 \1 E; S2 v9 t, b5 ^4 d5 K7 ]: ~/ {' {; ^by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
7 p0 s- L, v% R9 \$ h& ghair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
. a. @5 A3 e1 \$ Y# J6 I7 gcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
+ V$ u8 `( K5 \0 H2 O& \2 p! k8 `report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the# o' ^6 f# y0 E5 @, J  S
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-% E9 x1 f6 ^% s* @) v) W2 c5 g
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due, h$ W1 ~" ?* ~6 q: Z
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by( L8 D1 F& h% P, i, M+ c
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-0 G6 M6 \" [# [  w, [, E
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this( z) M) U# L) V
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of, @1 _7 ?1 ~( f* E* Q/ W0 V# b6 Y
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-  L% Z, v6 Q9 `* ?
bly more common than the rare case report in the
$ s7 o5 f" K4 w7 D+ s, m2 Bliterature.4
. ]$ H% c5 ]/ m" E6 t7 OPatient Report
. a5 v! A0 u  Z- a. j" fA 16-month-old white child was referred to the+ w4 W$ R4 \% @" N8 l
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
) ]" v6 N6 ]8 Y$ |: x$ Y7 lof early sexual development. His mother noticed# [9 G% l: y" [$ P: F& S3 e
light colored pubic hair development when he was5 [, ~  S6 o* G, A1 ~" \& D* X  w7 g
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of/ {  o3 N/ r. G
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.  B) I1 }2 U# Z! M
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,7 P, O0 |& N7 K$ I& S3 X# F9 I2 T
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
9 m" t6 `- z% y6 JMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;: Z/ V8 ~( n( ?, N' R1 N' D: `$ A
e-mail: [email protected].8 b1 [, {2 c" o+ C% b$ }
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became7 h4 [$ q) R( y& Z( f/ t
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
# W6 v$ q) v3 E" U9 pment of his penis and frequent erections. The child3 s$ B% L' c" r0 d* l4 n
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
1 V+ d( t* Q" c7 X* H+ s$ Ta birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of6 I3 L7 j2 k$ r
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
1 n1 |. d- q- [* m# y# o5 gof life and was still receiving breast milk along with2 g9 `7 W3 H. W
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
9 o1 n* X) k1 jand his psychosocial and psychomotor development# ~9 I2 i6 \* E' j
was age appropriate.* I8 j! z* [+ |. k: R2 v- ]& q# @# r
The family history was remarkable for the father,
# S8 B1 E# h; Y& f9 G, j% W  ywho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
+ S  M# H" G) Fwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s0 E* C* ?5 V0 G9 I. e
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
: U" c+ J' }2 J& eearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
+ u& n. C% p+ P  W  |The father denied taking any other medication. The
1 y) Q8 u2 i5 o& ^$ m( [9 |. T. V! fchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche4 o/ t# S4 S. W; [0 z
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
) U' e* S! b6 U- T" L- a( D: o3 Z5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-5 M* r) ~, H% L% H& w8 S7 y4 v5 d
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-/ y0 `* e, Z3 u5 ^6 Y
tives. There were no siblings." g1 |% f5 j* ^6 h- s
Physical Examination
, a" a' j: y# }$ R9 b& iThe physical examination revealed a very active,1 N7 }( h" _, B- J% I8 e* @
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
- N, O$ `( `4 B  R$ U0 g) Ia blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was  I( S0 {# x/ c; V0 U7 [
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
% j0 n: e) C/ G) ^(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth5 D! s  @& M5 e  u6 \
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of. u: F8 P5 I' U5 g8 [3 f* j/ m, d
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
, x" \  V+ M, s( N8 [2 `The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
9 i* v4 l0 ~3 t# s: Renlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
8 X. T' Q4 L& {* l( p8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
& E8 g2 C7 ~' W- [developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
: F0 }* D% |6 V( Z7 q, U* [/ b540
$ ?* J; n" M/ R; E$ `+ y! Aat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from0 ?3 B* C( R: i6 Z: `
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
  t# U, s  ~3 r1 N  E1 m/ ctesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each./ L9 t. H$ g4 C7 ]1 Z" F
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat# d6 T9 ^0 `* I3 g: M
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
/ p. Y; U" @7 l. G& g; P, mabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
0 s5 L; L. h+ U- H' m: xNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+* V3 b8 P, B5 L
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
" b1 M4 \9 i8 ]: p. v6 Y; Nof papilledema.
# ]  [5 ?9 l* E. D8 k1 b' U8 OLaboratory Evaluation# O6 I8 A$ n- o! B( ?, K/ K8 u8 {
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
, }; t! |/ @% r5 D; _' N& ^( c' Iusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-8 M$ H$ |' L' @. z( \8 @
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
0 Y! q+ F" }7 Q5 jkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
4 E8 B, f8 M# m" Jshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-. w- A5 P' M+ p8 `
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).& H( U! F* U- {- c8 \
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
# ~6 B: z# {& N8 N% \0 jurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were) p1 T; r) h# w1 }$ C! d8 r
within normal range for his age. The concentration7 n( h% k% L8 i1 t' Q9 x+ k
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL, t$ r7 }8 {  ~! X! e/ j6 f
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
  J7 m7 N. t- R5 W' tng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
0 m/ u+ L2 w" E# e% c# @$ lterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
5 e) w0 `4 n1 U. t# a2 i; qdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to- m. [) g- v; u2 K% O/ V  l$ k
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
' R1 H: }3 o# Bwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
7 l0 D  P& {0 b; F+ V+ }1 utisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total% v% f2 Y. F! s6 a$ Y0 C
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
" A/ r8 w: X8 R7 {3 h5 fand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
8 o8 i" _4 d, Y2 ]6 z+ U! t5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular1 S- V* `/ Z9 m% c2 |: T
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
3 ?4 [& p: R( I8 B2 e5 H8 _  Rconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
. {$ C2 P3 T# }5 t- E- S9 g3 Q) b(prepubertal).$ T2 \8 |1 [2 v& ?+ L* I
The parents were notified about the laboratory+ b8 M5 ~+ M9 w0 n, Y
results and were informed that all of the tests were
2 g( S. i. \  c# O: V  P! inormal except the testosterone level was high. The
1 I2 c) X" K. v! L0 r0 }follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to8 V, h$ |" t+ `# ^% B& n7 l
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-- A0 U2 P! u1 g' ?
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.) a- ]; V/ t, G* Q6 {
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
+ X1 k$ o  ~- O& ?3 Hchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained/ G; H2 B- B8 a) k
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
* Q3 k* K1 n# s' C6 l- Punchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
8 ^- T, ]3 H2 V  l8 Ipletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at- [) N; A. e6 J( G2 ^' T! v4 C9 d
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
7 P7 b" a2 u! n0 @  u3 @6 ?1 GmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.  O# c6 }: f, i6 G
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
$ V0 v% Y+ X( y' _" Ying frequent erections.1 G4 C$ `7 Q# N3 B2 f
Both parents were again questioned about use of+ q; G" N- c7 I3 e7 H
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
& L0 r& i- x( L! j" n3 Z$ M' p. Fthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
; g/ U0 I2 B8 xTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
- A9 t( N$ G1 \$ a; suse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
+ o" U+ P4 {( N- A" U; oing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for6 M0 N6 z: t/ m4 ~" N( Z; q
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
! a) ?4 Q' A5 W* s5 Dto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-. m# I, y+ m5 q7 a% U* ^# Z; M; G
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
5 H- Q2 O! ^: p* z& g1 N; d. B. y- O! wsecondary to depression.
% w. h- B" L$ O. o( f8 W' p( f. `' \The child slept in the same bed with parents.0 E7 S7 \: F/ _8 G/ m4 L' w
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
7 G; I: @/ b  z  ]chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
: u8 n% t# J/ B9 ]  @' K( Tnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.* ?3 `9 E! o9 o% @+ Z
The father also admitted that after the phone call,7 E  q, n" x7 S( a" G( Q
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby, Z9 h% v) o; a
was high, he then read the product information6 C& j' s0 n- a* u2 d/ M' D2 m% V/ ?: D$ n
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
0 v" ]6 e: ], @, j- O0 j! `son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they) C! W2 x+ c; Q& p& c7 d
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the/ s& ]- P! k; P
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
) n2 r! W' w# T0 dbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone8 M. ^  M6 b( S
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the. A2 q8 R) \7 A. U$ V0 ^; a6 Q3 [" M
laboratory to obtain the test.8 [3 ?. M% N$ x2 r. r
Discussion9 X' ]: ?* T) o1 i$ J* {4 M$ ^
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary, @7 H) w/ Y) Z+ m
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
: ?5 C+ V4 B4 s3 V, a- kPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when) A1 C% n: N2 a$ {9 ]+ Y+ J
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-8 S- j- F) y( T
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-  R% a3 i% a4 C5 q+ z1 z
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
" a; v4 ?1 q$ @8 mmay have a central nervous system lesion that is+ y8 O& b. \0 c8 ?+ |* N
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
* S' d1 F5 U9 o, q. r5 S& pamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-& s. `1 E, [. M$ Q
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in6 ]5 E% @# I& n, L' h* O
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-9 o" v+ D$ \$ m. N" E3 Y! v' g
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-: B9 B1 y8 v# G0 ^; B1 ^- |, K
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
* S0 S; o* L9 _- W; jgonadotropins.1,3* r7 j9 l7 h2 L
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-- C( \: d% F/ u2 R+ v( q# s
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
' ^) W+ |$ f; e, |androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or' n+ y0 A& q) Y9 r
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-! i$ s8 B: `3 N' {0 `" u
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
$ \4 Q6 S) T3 `7 O# {' S/ ]  ]; kcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
% i6 i: ?! Y6 V) s4 x6 Z# |adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious: P9 q5 n0 |  C" c) y# R( Q9 B
puberty in boys.3,4* O$ x- @- t3 p9 ]& t% N
The most common form of congenital adrenal! Z  w- C+ n2 L0 y" w# N7 g9 q
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
2 e# h* O- w4 L/ t* RThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in+ `! R8 `0 e/ M* [
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
: r! P- X9 k  M  fan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen3 D" p7 n4 e9 ?% `7 F$ r
excess.1,3% E5 h, S( q6 a8 _
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from, |5 Q5 g0 I: k. B3 s6 W$ g0 h
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
' e+ N7 O& ?0 EA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
* y; w$ i* o$ Q  Gindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
& [# |0 {1 @" u  l, M9 L2 qas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a; N$ e& _* v6 M; S7 r* ]. I  r- [
very young age. The physical findings in these boys! U% d4 A5 I  U7 I
with this disorder are full pubertal development,# i( g8 S. }# f+ {+ T9 A% y
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys* s3 t) s* t, ]. Z
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder, X  y* j. J* Z. X' k  R
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show: k& M  c5 `9 U  k% @. q2 U7 I5 e' H
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
5 P8 v# h* S$ Dreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked) ]7 X! Q& J, N2 d7 }
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
* o; r: q7 h, _3 S0 qmales; therefore, other male members of the family7 D3 Y# D3 P7 R* e7 O
may have similar precocious puberty.3
1 {$ a8 U7 ^7 `In our patient, physical examination was incon-6 c2 o6 F$ L( w  x# b
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
/ U/ u- ?+ [3 ?0 j: R9 v- Ecles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
  |/ d2 L& U; K& A" C2 C* gwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
/ P5 A+ n0 w/ l+ dstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,8 y9 M" ?% k. L8 a( v+ l$ D1 t: u
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
3 d, n* E2 m3 Y# M1 Ybeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-9 V. d/ ?! U6 G
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
* I: N. P5 j# k  s! fbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
  y2 w* C8 j& @- w8 M% qeither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
8 ~3 @$ P$ f; S( edeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-0 T) o3 v0 R, m' |" I0 ?/ c; n* R
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
8 e5 n' B5 h9 P" A7 x% wThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly: u; e: J* Q( [& t2 t9 G
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
! t2 P1 p& _9 R0 |the physical examination revealed the complete disap-  ]7 V. E% s, H# |7 f7 k) A
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
  Q( r$ O" W3 J# \7 J; rdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
' _) x: X& d# @2 _terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was- R: Y* O( X! C4 i: d; ?
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’+ Y3 \2 z# `+ \! X. i
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or& F* l9 ^" |% P0 |- Z3 N, [$ v) g( M2 I
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to$ j! W5 g2 T  E; T4 ]
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.* d7 L  y0 K# L" }3 S, w/ u
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the! j8 w2 Q$ ?* R6 @0 J2 q( c9 l# l
baseline value in those females who were exposed to1 Q2 S: H" ]. ]4 s
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male1 f. R( O3 B6 w; H
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
0 \- n) r$ [& `+ ntion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.5 m9 H# Y7 g& P
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
0 I: E1 G* F/ c+ @; y: ~! Twhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
: Q/ x* t" z0 B- h" d. l  z; ]3 [dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
9 O. w% Y# l$ Y- h' D6 @, C1 rterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
' w2 |+ ^# @+ o6 }active in young children exposed to testosterone
3 P+ d! f+ F. I" J+ [) _exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-# y5 n0 Y  U4 b2 t1 f
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
: v1 d6 G3 l+ J/ S% R* w7 Dvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in& |' A9 @& D1 O* Z
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
- q" k" ^* {" S' I4 P# a4 dadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
0 N5 ~8 h  N8 \The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
8 J% b) p7 J: t5 bearly childhood on pubertal development and final
2 D1 b6 g( f0 Tadult height are not fully known and always remain
. F$ s( b! y- E( {" Y4 j/ \a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
2 A$ b$ `8 `* \  X: x1 t- I; {8 Lterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
% I+ l  O, t: T. r0 nacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after; \% W& X; K. I& @3 D* M; g
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation$ G  a$ c: R  J0 c
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,94 }5 ~: Z6 _) A" Z5 H: J
There are conflicting reports and controversy
' p/ f" I! b) Q7 v, J0 E7 `8 Qover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
5 N8 N. ?* J- ^4 l+ Q4 npenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal; |% S4 H' d5 Y
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
& |4 R* I8 a, i& J: r( C! ~ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
6 ^8 y0 M" f/ e0 h" BSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
; q5 N$ o" }$ l# h2 q% Lchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult- \/ ?: Z; ]: e' R& ^8 U
penile length in clinical studies." m/ O  i' I* i: m7 I1 M
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is+ i; D' L" [, |9 A7 r
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
, d3 |  m, C+ D/ U7 F  Ktestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because, k6 j( V/ U* S" V
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
' ~4 R- a1 {& ~# U7 ]Although the bone age was advanced at the time of% N9 K- J. I4 [( }
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at- W% U3 |6 p: T9 z
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult) q) v2 \0 g0 n& z3 h- t
height will not be affected.
% O! b; Q+ W  kAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
  G& ]4 x' e( Y, C" b& S7 v' ^ability of androgen products in our society may
. g5 ~% T8 }5 p( i3 {' ~( iindeed cause more virilization in male or female
' c8 O3 [1 L7 G0 V$ Pchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-/ r/ m; d& p' h$ k3 G
gen products must be considered and specific ques-: x  j8 u! f. b4 }6 L! g$ N7 h9 w
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
) o9 P! X) _7 O7 q8 W. pgel should be asked of the family members during( ~; l9 t: a# q! n
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-# a1 C' N+ p: ?; u6 J% O! ^/ T
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-' O, V1 l1 _+ z! H
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by* p# d! f- @) ~5 U1 K) E
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a7 e1 I+ ^" ?8 [
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
4 Q. r5 A8 U) [* U1 j) Lresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive/ I" L3 H3 U3 e0 Y9 `% e) I' Q1 E
investigation. The primary care physician should be
) q' g! C9 \2 M" b4 Naware of this fact, because most of these children
: L) v( j" \' I0 n4 h. ^  n" Smay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
& M1 Q! ]! J0 M* h, v! r& c9 Y- `Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
8 Z, U% A' |' o" ?( g  G" @. D; Swarning about the virilizing effect on a male or6 S! Z; P* _2 ^/ x' l9 M
female child who might come in contact with some-
2 B" T/ K4 K. T6 R3 Zone using any of these products.
, t5 U7 x) C6 g6 }+ B. B" [/ u2 bReferences
$ ^" E9 a5 A* J/ Q8 _, K( i1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
) Z" H9 F5 G6 d6 @  u5 ?$ Z7 Jand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
4 `6 B. U6 k  V. CEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
9 @+ v) L  r6 i0 m2002: 565-628.
4 `, m& }# x1 |) M/ P5 P2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious6 G3 u7 D. o5 N+ |& @7 h- N
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
6 z9 A  i" F# |6 NBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
7 C/ N* a' `+ I. U# d# eExposure to Testosterone
2 d$ Y+ @( g9 a! J% L2 T! VSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
9 V" G! O9 ~1 M; j/ l2 Fand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1  d. O( d3 y3 x  C! J
Clinical Pediatrics
0 p4 P: n! n9 t0 j. [Volume 46 Number 6
0 o7 S: `" n  T: S: w* VJuly 2007 540-543
+ b: {) E0 F& i( R0 a- }© 2007 Sage Publications
# I6 ~: G2 ]' C5 v10.1177/0009922806296651- N- z  @5 A' d* i
http://clp.sagepub.com
, c  r+ z: T1 O7 F( O  L/ d& Phosted at
$ n' ?' K- L" t9 M7 Y) uhttp://online.sagepub.com; S2 E, l5 ]0 E' h, {% o
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,: [* N/ Y6 Q. G' G& y$ T8 G
is a significant concern for physicians. Central( W. `3 l+ J7 m* s
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
! _1 d/ y( b+ V; ?" `9 b# n) k- `through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has* i4 z4 y; N7 X; b
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
. j1 ^1 u4 o( o$ u4 J7 vlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested+ Q. A8 U+ n& P1 R
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
/ t3 |2 V  I: O# f: `' mhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-2 Z, ^' u/ F9 i) E2 M. K; z
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
9 z! _, K% U! b+ Qreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the' _. r  u2 K, v- e, p% ?
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-( e3 s5 J; j, c( U6 P9 W4 g
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due+ g9 T& G/ ~: G7 a* F, [5 x
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by+ G0 P7 [0 q3 n$ Z& j9 y: T
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
1 k5 B" y- S, hmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this& R' H% U- m2 Y! C9 T+ v
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of- F: @0 P: j- I2 f1 Z8 k6 b
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-( N- h* \! |2 l
bly more common than the rare case report in the) {2 Q  M/ S2 N
literature.4
& m- a# d5 D8 Z" C' g8 DPatient Report/ D7 M9 f, f0 h5 {5 G* }7 D- Q
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
1 v& t; c2 C. n( e8 p) Oendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern$ n& M) ^& x8 w& v: Q6 @$ k
of early sexual development. His mother noticed5 {: w3 t( {" K& e8 N
light colored pubic hair development when he was
5 v0 j  R, L  U4 J  f- |& AFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
5 ?4 t; _9 ?8 u! Q- XSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.! i8 R, L; Y, m! A
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,8 Y  @( H+ ]+ E3 `3 Y$ J4 m
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
7 a' c; Y$ a# _: @% }" {" @, N( YMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
) s: w4 y9 k+ be-mail: [email protected].- J! I1 {$ v" X& V: r% A
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became% v- @, V" O* q$ u
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
3 [' w$ Q$ }, Dment of his penis and frequent erections. The child! {" d5 O1 S9 S4 y! m# b
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
# w: K, n  ]! s4 t  w" na birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of0 i2 x) l/ F' G7 A* `$ g
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
9 f" u: E/ H2 ?$ t4 w4 xof life and was still receiving breast milk along with1 {$ g2 O7 M3 D7 S% K" o
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,( a1 v! E6 r# H1 j
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development5 R0 l  Z+ P& m- V
was age appropriate.
% o/ P8 w5 k0 o' A9 ]8 \) D6 c7 LThe family history was remarkable for the father,* Z! C! H& ^% {$ G5 h
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
8 ^, X6 [2 a) k5 Qwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
0 v8 U6 I. D. `; U2 theight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat+ V- d! L0 F- I( b5 f5 Y% G
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.$ ]0 i$ q% F5 Q4 E
The father denied taking any other medication. The
7 J& @3 A* }9 `# |- E; v0 H/ Qchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche) M7 D+ p" \0 f' K, f
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
/ b$ A/ `$ H3 T! q, g0 T5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
; `" H% P/ e* e3 t7 @cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
" i" O5 P9 [4 ^$ n3 E, ytives. There were no siblings.
4 u5 y$ M: ?3 A3 R9 [' @9 K7 XPhysical Examination0 j, s: n8 @' d7 D1 Z
The physical examination revealed a very active,
: J+ L. d) o7 [1 e6 Vplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
/ a% Q# O" M; W; M) g$ Va blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was9 m; e8 Q8 b/ e0 D+ `7 @# P
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
* x* x- j3 |5 o(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth. K' Y6 l: m: T+ ?) {" p
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of1 e- I9 u4 Q2 W- Z0 h7 N
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
% D6 |! k/ a" R$ x* |& |The genitourinary examination was remarkable for# V  r0 `/ x% g  I% h; Y! ]
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
* k' D9 s6 O( w" x8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
" g8 G6 o5 m6 ~& Qdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around! ~) Y  e1 n+ Z" A. x" ?
540% Z* X4 d" Z: G- g# p8 s3 p
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from* Z2 ~$ ?& u( T- i9 [
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The! {& d! V/ I+ P) p+ ^
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
0 _% S6 T4 w# g; I0 yThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat9 A3 u7 T4 L9 c) _, r& k
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no; I( S/ a; P0 f6 F
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.5 [. j. X. r: ^; m+ ~
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+8 z0 [8 F7 V  }  g
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
- d* ]5 w, V# w4 d9 `! Lof papilledema.
* {) L$ c4 U" `* \& Z3 X5 tLaboratory Evaluation
/ w  k# }. U2 C2 YThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by: j& @) s% v- l1 x# ^% M- ^5 F" z9 @6 _
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
9 E+ ~' v# {' W' slogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal, z4 {+ k: o" E
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test: S- w6 ^. T# V2 o3 W4 _. n
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
% f' I* c# J" o  x* a4 X! ^4 Ulating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).( E) y0 k- \0 |6 i6 I( i# o, Q
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood: Q: ~4 i5 g- Q0 `4 b' j: ~
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were2 d5 z1 {" p; n( D$ X1 [5 N
within normal range for his age. The concentration
! U# v3 U# O. O  R) ?8 T, }of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL! R) s% u  q" K) p1 Q8 f
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20/ B& _( P- @5 \* I' F0 s; N
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
# w9 A. p2 ]6 o3 d  @8 Qterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),8 d+ C8 c) f4 ~" X% W  q
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to8 _" }1 e8 N+ f7 X# R' P
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
" K' I6 P9 G1 h# hwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-8 u0 L* f9 k% p% b# R+ P0 t) i
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
* \+ Z5 B1 H" F- v$ o  Ztestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
$ W4 z% G( j/ t9 r+ T8 A/ ~& nand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than9 ~+ N) C/ W! n# p. C% C) v) O
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
2 ]6 Z6 ~. A' v. U. @stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone7 k$ ~9 _! Q3 V3 ^2 t9 V
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
: Q# T0 P9 \1 Y(prepubertal).
& ^# n- l2 S2 z8 W- t  PThe parents were notified about the laboratory
" q+ J; e  ~- ?( a1 Y& a, \4 ^* v: eresults and were informed that all of the tests were
+ ?- x6 U& @6 ]" t+ F% Vnormal except the testosterone level was high. The- m) `% I+ t& i. L0 Q' {
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to+ c# t. g/ D0 o
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-% ~! X$ O" I3 s( l+ P& v% Q
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.5 T* V/ D. v# Q) p  J
Physical examination at this time revealed that the- c$ b) N2 ?% r- l' E* M
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
% c% H+ A3 _4 r8 e2 W2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained1 j  a; \& {& h& M% w
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
( |+ |' p% n4 J8 {1 `! Q9 qpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
2 |) i% ]) C' M( N- X6 F! Ethe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
% O! H4 c5 ]5 J3 ^mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.' f, k& {. }: p/ I
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
( Y# J2 p3 z% l4 ~  s& k6 d2 g  o& xing frequent erections.8 t" O: |& \$ `/ ^
Both parents were again questioned about use of7 M4 Z; B5 o6 z7 I* o1 a0 [/ N! M
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
0 i  E0 X9 c" Z% j4 o$ j' E0 lthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the- ~& h! K, W/ r
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
  j, n! @: m! u) n9 D8 ~0 R  n, muse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-+ n1 v" b& O* k% N
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
  t5 O  U' e1 B9 c( y) T9 O( _4 ?. ya year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed, ^+ d; X% K2 w5 |
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-1 F1 r8 Z/ {3 R/ t
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
0 }! t( @! a, z+ w: i; j/ r$ Y9 Tsecondary to depression.
' C  i6 `# N  V" [The child slept in the same bed with parents.
. @( q" \+ s* b6 Y) cThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his# c5 n$ j/ ~/ N0 I" s4 S
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
0 X2 f4 v& y$ P% `nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.% `2 j' g' Y! G- i
The father also admitted that after the phone call,0 M$ Z: e9 w& l: d; n* w' |
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby- \8 g) a  G$ g/ ^* k8 h) G6 c/ p
was high, he then read the product information
; K- _+ d+ v/ M$ ^packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
9 ]& X' \0 r- _% j& r# K9 ?son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
8 O6 t0 f. B6 p$ R' M: a+ wdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the. l1 j; O# a0 P
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had" ], h/ g. P0 d- w' G$ |
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
) f8 b0 O3 e% F+ Etest was ordered, but the family did not go to the" e2 H- J/ a: H# _5 u4 ^
laboratory to obtain the test.
, j1 X, V9 e; R4 E1 A; c7 g. PDiscussion! r5 s! T! x. v+ e: @: V
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
8 F5 N  B7 B2 t5 k9 U5 `sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4* K2 v  k/ d- F3 c9 K7 e
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
% G# @* W/ x' X2 W  Hit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
4 m3 ?! Z3 H( n7 ^5 ^0 Mthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-. n' Y9 h# a- G9 c& F
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
. Y/ m5 g) K( s" ]may have a central nervous system lesion that is
4 |6 \* e8 S+ W' }responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-, m0 x, N6 a$ y3 {9 j# _) E8 \) D
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-: Q  |! j6 \6 W4 @/ R) z6 ?: ?& N
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
! r7 z# Z; m5 W! j5 ~boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
6 A0 j+ p7 a7 K. }3 cization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
$ c  T8 v! W0 ^) Erical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
6 z9 g! m5 i+ |, @$ t* y/ \  I* Tgonadotropins.1,3
3 P, P- F6 k3 R3 w/ JGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
0 S! y8 O5 i/ i: }cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate2 J5 V  ?7 s# f% U$ x: p
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
0 t1 Z6 M. ?) _9 C  v) Eexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-) C/ C1 A" q; i
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing  o* j9 E8 q6 S
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive& r3 i* ^' {! O' r& X0 j' {" O* d
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious/ ]# ?& e  E0 o. s
puberty in boys.3,4' p, m, g% m6 C) b" ]
The most common form of congenital adrenal& t: J2 w5 `! @  Z9 l
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
5 \2 t* Y1 |$ ]5 u9 SThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
! D3 Z; R, }( j3 j2 c* J& ?+ M5 fexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,  }) b, j  c* ]6 D, p8 F
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen$ M8 L2 t$ h/ q' l3 h; E
excess.1,3) W6 d1 Q. A  v' Z% }. w
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
5 }1 ~+ _+ j  E! p% M7 M542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007( {2 B* ?8 q. o6 I; h
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
  a* U7 Z+ b7 z; X" uindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
2 y( a' [+ d( m7 [, Z' |as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a% K2 P( H/ F* V
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
0 ~, N' l$ H6 i9 s) a* |9 Iwith this disorder are full pubertal development,: [6 C( S/ [# m0 S* c
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys( e0 t7 _- _4 @) K) y6 ^
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder3 ]" C9 e  L$ \2 c& c1 L
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
$ ]- C+ W8 d3 L# Rpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-: E2 N+ m; b: J- y% W5 h2 k% C
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
) D5 F3 T0 D4 @; x3 }autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
' g/ f) T3 U" B' ~: \males; therefore, other male members of the family1 [5 `% I8 l4 }6 [: W2 R
may have similar precocious puberty.3
9 z0 K: X! ~: iIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
  L5 M, F1 I+ O( [# S) j, nsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-% @) ^: F" }6 y
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
* m$ n! `1 v# o9 j2 fwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
( Q; W  |0 w- ~8 K' {started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,3 ~  O8 m' {6 {; b6 J
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
* _9 ^9 c' D4 B+ gbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
" B# I% M8 J( i3 f, o4 \ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
& ]$ w3 }6 W+ N) W4 ^% G! v- \biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
8 \7 g0 W/ R0 t' B! d  M, Neither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase  D3 a5 U9 D! c, i" b, A
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-7 H5 V/ X$ `  M+ r) |
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.# D# [& L& y0 _' f0 C- k7 ~5 L
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
- v7 D4 ^* [! {  c4 }" ?, vsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because; b8 z: ~7 @& e
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
9 T" E: I" f. npearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
( d! E+ J# u( E2 M- z- l6 Z: G5 Ndecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
. B6 ^  h. A, ]' Tterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was" c6 ]" y" f$ [% r) P$ v) f5 j6 L
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
( T% K2 ?, W4 Y" h; @9 a4 ADesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or" Y6 ]. T3 [  B, ^7 M$ `
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to( Y, I# H4 h, o* J3 a3 Q+ q
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
0 L9 O; O" ]/ W" \0 ~Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
" r5 c/ t5 V5 J) S7 a; ]baseline value in those females who were exposed to7 l( ?& `; K& X
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
1 R( A1 U6 s4 d  @: v  l1 hpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-0 j( d! `; J' O  Y
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.% a* C. W! ~' u+ Z
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,2 K$ T4 T, [/ `" q+ z1 f" R
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that- j% |, m: G5 u' W- {! V
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
0 T* ~! }2 M$ W* `4 Gterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
3 y& D: E6 U) L( V  |active in young children exposed to testosterone/ n6 C; p! o' r3 y0 e  E
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
1 f" W* E( ?: f4 O9 d; p5 D$ z8 ]drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to9 m" Y' b: O9 ~% B/ R) N
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
# U$ a+ ^+ A. }/ ~0 c" pchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
5 F. u2 O- Q7 n( }" P" e: ~+ Padvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.0 m) N; l' c2 b3 E& Q  c
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during" N5 N  ]3 w5 r) J; ?
early childhood on pubertal development and final
1 i; X7 [& x- tadult height are not fully known and always remain/ H+ x6 ^" X6 K* {: U
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
% o# N) D& E% x. v2 r. o3 `terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some( e7 {# h0 g4 e% a, p
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after4 Q4 P, P# j; e0 Y( W1 r
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
( d. h9 v( k$ @decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
: n/ o! i% P: U- \" E6 a$ zThere are conflicting reports and controversy
: Q! t; H- \6 W4 fover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult8 `6 p2 h3 C1 d& i2 z0 f
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
" l9 P$ B3 L# S* ladult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
5 T0 i0 B3 @  l# N" T1 Xulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,) ~6 I* A! d1 Z% \" Z- ^
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
. g+ _9 x6 z7 ~childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult0 `( X1 R# }+ q) K, X
penile length in clinical studies.% z% T6 }- E$ [# [/ M
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
; d+ J' s4 H7 fgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from$ v+ Y+ a5 H( \
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
/ E0 _! }* e" {* n) `the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
% ^" ~  ]# A6 e9 t& M- Y, O3 {8 DAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
6 u% h# m* _; Q5 H! K, Mdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
& _. r" j" y, x3 E- S, vthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
) e, g9 ^" k, x& Lheight will not be affected.- K0 ], v5 {& H& Y2 T  X1 J
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-* T: x; n- G( z/ H- ^9 Y% y* o
ability of androgen products in our society may3 o, W& R* F6 N+ X3 p
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
+ W. B: G9 t: Bchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-8 a4 X: K( P) Z
gen products must be considered and specific ques-; x: }. U/ i9 p2 F/ ^  J
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
/ `/ z( n+ u% _gel should be asked of the family members during
3 h1 q5 ~' W8 B  F4 Mthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
$ v" c0 ]" z/ K% Lilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-0 U4 R+ k) g5 }! ^% Q
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
3 N, F2 L0 K: j8 q* J; v; dappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a/ n0 A8 \7 M7 [3 l2 q8 N9 |
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
9 Y- T# q: L; f! X" h3 j# aresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
1 Q- t2 F% I( \* u/ I: A  winvestigation. The primary care physician should be
* R, @, @+ x4 ~4 l% }% j3 O4 Waware of this fact, because most of these children
* w. H) j) S& lmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
$ \" `9 Y$ H4 _  ~' }8 BDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
8 F1 n; A- P; e- g1 D- H4 Ywarning about the virilizing effect on a male or* {  x  N# y& z- U8 E
female child who might come in contact with some-/ e4 W. ?9 @7 G* P' T+ K4 {, h
one using any of these products.  A( I- O/ d* n- S, [
References
$ Z; K5 t) O+ E# f$ f. I1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation$ H, S# q9 N; U# ^5 `- H
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric% }. a8 q! x) H
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
8 _. j, c5 D$ v7 d9 W8 \2002: 565-628.9 {3 o6 V3 v7 S$ O5 E- i. W
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious& W. _* _; {# b3 D8 l
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

$ W, m# e0 d- f* T精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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